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Classic knowledge, use and also conservation involving plant life with the towns regarding Tharaka-Nithi County, Kenya.
ction for inpatients in key departments may promote early warning and reduce the risk of nosocomial infection of CRE.
The extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), as well as carbapenemases, are considered as the foremost resistance determinants throughout the world. However, the relevant data especially related to the sequence types of ESBL and carbapenemases producing
from the poultry is limited from Pakistan. Here, we present the data on the genetic diversity of
strains isolated from the poultry birds from the poultry farms located in Islamabad, Pakistan, and the underlying resistance mechanisms to beta-lactam agents.

Of 250 broilers from 25 different farms (10 birds from each farm), the cecal samples were obtained and analyzed for the presence of ESBLs producing
(ESBL-Ec) as well as carbapenemases producing
(CPEc) strains using selective agar for ESBL and carbapenemases screening. The susceptibility profiling of the ESBL-Ec and CPEc isolates was evaluated followed by multi-locus sequence typing.

A total of 119 strains were positive for ESBL production whereas 37 strains were found positive to produce cds as a persisting reservoir of extensively antimicrobial-resistant E. coli ST131 in Pakistan, suggesting a potential threat to public health.
Chloroquine (CQ) is the first line treatment for vivax malaria in Ethiopia. However, the therapeutic efficacy of the drug is now declining. Several reports from different areas of the country showed CQ-vivax treatment failure increasing. This study therefore aimed to provide additional data on the therapeutic efficacy of CQ against
malaria from two districts of Southwestern Ethiopia.

An observational prospective study among
malaria infected individuals was conducted in two districts of Southwest Ethiopia for a period of 28 follow-up days. Study participants were treated with 25 mg/kg of standard CQ for 3 consecutive days according to the procedure. Microscopic blood film examinations and other clinical assessments were measured within the follow-up period on a weekly basis.

A total of 115 patients were enrolled in the study. Sixty-five were from Darimu and 50 were from Bure districts. The majority (67%) of study participants were male and 86.1% (99/115) were below 35 years old. The study revealed that CQ treatment was able to clear vivax malaria parasites and febrile within a week. During the follow-up study period, recurrence of vivax parasitemia was not recorded. However, there was a marked heterogeneity with respect to fever clearance time, parasitemia load, and carriage of parasite gametocyte within 72 hours of post-treatment between the two study areas.

The present study revealed that CQ has good clinical and parasitological response to vivax malaria in the study areas. Thus, it can be continued as the first line
malaria treatment. However, further monitoring and evaluation of the drug should be considered.
The present study revealed that CQ has good clinical and parasitological response to vivax malaria in the study areas. Thus, it can be continued as the first line P. vivax malaria treatment. However, further monitoring and evaluation of the drug should be considered.
In Ethiopia, pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 10 (PCV10) was introduced in 2011 in the national vaccination program. This study was aimed to assess serotype distribution of invasive and non-invasive
isolates using whole-genome sequencing.

A hospital-based prospective study was conducted from 2018 to 2019 at Addis Ababa and Amhara region referral hospitals, from all patients. Clinical Samples were collected and initially cultured onto 5% sheep blood agar at 37°C in a 5% CO
atmosphere. Sequencing was done using the Illumina NextSeq 500 and SeroBA was used to predict serotypes from whole-genome sequencing raw data.

Of the 57
isolates, there were 32 circulating serotypes. The most common serotypes were 15A/B/C (n=5, 8.8%), 6A (n=4, 7.0%), 10A/F (n=4, 7.0%), 23A (n=4, 7.0%) and 7C (n=3, 5.3%). The serotype coverage of PCV10 and PCV13 were 12.3% and 26.3% respectively. The most common invasive serotypes were 15A/B/C (n=5, 8.8%) and 6A (n=4, 7.0%), and non-invasive serotypes were 23A (n=4, 7.0%) and 10A/ontinue monitoring serotype changes among all patients in addition to assessing the impact and effectiveness brought by vaccines and provides a foundation for prevention strategies and vaccine policies.
Nosocomial infection caused by carbapenem-resistant
(CRKP) is a great threat to severely ill patients. Here we report an outbreak of
ST15 isolates co-producing KPC-2, CTX-M-15, and SHV-28 in the cardiac surgery intensive care unit (CSICU) of a tertiary hospital.

From November 2019 to August 2020, all non-duplicated CRKP isolates were collected from the CSICU. The VITEK-2 compact system was used for bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Clinical data were retrieved from electronic case records. All strains were also subjected to antibiotic resistance genes detection. Fenretinide Clonal relationships were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).

A total of 28 non-duplicated CRKP isolates were collected, including 23 strains belonging to ST15 and 5 strains belonging to ST11. All ST15 isolates were susceptible to amikacin, tigecycline, polymyxin B and ceftazidime/avibactam, but resistant to carbapenems, cephalosporins, quinolones, tobramycin and gentamicin. The detection of resistant determinants showed that 21 strains of ST15 CRKP co-harboured
. All the 28 CRKP isolates were classified into five PFGE patterns (A, B, C, D and E), of which type A and B belonged to ST15 and type C, D and E belonged to ST11. PFGE type A was the predominant clonotype of this nosocomial infection and belonged to ST15.

ST15 co-producing KPC-2, CTX-M-15, SHV-28, TEM-1, OXA-1 and aac(6')-Ib-cr is the predominant clone spread in the CSICU. Surveillance and comprehensive infection control measures should be strengthened in clinical practice.
K. pneumoniae ST15 co-producing KPC-2, CTX-M-15, SHV-28, TEM-1, OXA-1 and aac(6')-Ib-cr is the predominant clone spread in the CSICU. Surveillance and comprehensive infection control measures should be strengthened in clinical practice.